In the Universe of Equations, Virtually All Are Prime
Equations, like numbers, cannot always be split into simpler elements. Researchers have now proved that such “prime” equations become ubiquitous as equations grow larger.
Prime numbers get all the love. They’re the stars of countless popular stories, and they feature in the most celebrated open questions in mathematics. But there’s another mathematical phenomenon that’s almost as foundational, yet receives far less attention: prime equations.
These are equations — polynomial equations in particular — that can’t be divided by any other equations. Like prime numbers, they’re at the heart of a wide range of research areas in mathematics. For many particular problems, if you can understand something about the prime equations, you’ll find you’ve answered the question you actually set out to solve.
“When we have a question, we can reduce it to some knowledge about prime numbers,” said Lior Bary-Soroker of Tel Aviv University. “Exactly the same thing happens with polynomials.”
Just as with prime numbers, the most basic thing to know about prime equations is: How often do they occur? Over the last year mathematicians have made considerable progress on answering that question. In a paper posted at the end of October, Emmanuel Breuillardand Péter Varjú of the University of Cambridge proved that virtually all equations of a certain type are prime.
This means that unlike prime numbers, which are scarce, prime equations are abundant. The new paper solves a 25-year-old conjecture and has implications everywhere from online encryption to the mathematics of randomness.
More Ways to Fail
Many questions in mathematics boil down to questions about polynomial equations. These are the kinds of equations — like y = 2x − 3 and y = x2 + 5x + 6 — that consist of variables raised to some power with coefficients in front.
These equations behave just like ordinary numbers in many respects: You can add, subtract, multiply and divide them. And as with numbers, it’s natural to ask which equations can be expressed as a product of two smaller equations.1
When an equation cannot be divided into two smaller equations, mathematicians say that it’s irreducible. Mathematicians would like to know how often irreducible polynomial equations occur.
Trying to make statements about the frequency of irreducible polynomials among all possible polynomials — equations with any number of variables, raised to any power, with any coefficients — is hard. So mathematicians have attacked narrower versions of the question, by restricting the exponents (looking at polynomials with no variables raised higher than the fifth power, for example) or limiting the coefficients to a narrow range. In October 2017 Bary-Soroker and Gady Kozma, a mathematician at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, proved that virtually all polynomials with a certain restricted range of coefficients are irreducible.
Breuillard and Varjú solved a slightly different problem. They considered polynomials of any length, with any exponents, and with any coefficients (the only restriction being that the list of possible coefficients is finite).
Breuillard and Varjú’s method gave them access to a much simpler problem. In 1993, Andrew Odlyzko, a mathematician now at the University of Minnesota, and Bjorn Poonen, now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, conjectured that as you consider increasingly complicated polynomials with the constraint that their coefficients must be either 0 or 1, equations that can be factored become vanishingly rare in the sea of “prime” polynomials. Odlyzko and Poonen’s conjecture, by restricting polynomials to just two coefficients, was an effort to gain a foothold in an overwhelming question.
“If you want to study something and you can’t prove a lot of things, it’s good to start with something simple,” Bary-Soroker said.
Their conjecture was also motivated by basic arithmetic. Prime numbers are common among the first 10 numbers but grow ever rarer after that. To be prime, a number needs to avoid being divisible by any whole number smaller than itself (save the number 1). As numbers get bigger, the list of numbers that could divide them grows longer — there are more ways primality can fail in big numbers than in small numbers.
With polynomials, a different dynamic is at work. In order for a polynomial to be factorable, its coefficients have to stand in just the right relationship with one another. The polynomial y = x2 + 5x + 6 can be factored into (x + 3) × (x + 2) only because there happen to be two numbers (2 and 3) that you can add to make the second coefficient (5) and multiply to make the third coefficient (6). Polynomials with more terms have a more complicated set of demands that the coefficients must fulfill. Finding factors that satisfy all the coefficients become less likely as the number of coefficients grows.
“For a polynomial to be reducible you have to have a coincidence, some special relations among the coefficients,” Odlyzko said. “With a high-degree polynomial you have more relations that have to be satisfied.”
Random Walks
Breuillard and Varjú did not set out to study polynomial irreducibility. Instead, they were interested in the mathematics of a random walk. In this random walk, imagine yourself standing on a clock face, with the numbers 1 through 11 marked out at regular intervals. You start at the spot corresponding to 1 and flip a coin: Tails, you multiply the number you’re on by some other number you’ve chosen ahead of time, then advance to the corresponding spot on the circle. (In such clock or “modular” number systems, if the outcome is a number greater than 11, you just keep going around the clock until you’ve advanced the required number of spaces.) If the coin flip comes up heads, you multiply the number you’re on by your preselected number, add one, and advance to the corresponding spot.
Lucy Reading-Ikkanda/Quanta Magazine
Given these conditions, Breuillard and Varjú wanted to understand two things: How long will it take for you to visit every point on the circle? And how long will it take for you to visit every point approximately the same number of times?
These questions are known to mathematicians as the “mixing problem,” and they turn out to have something to do with polynomial irreducibility. Breuillard and Varjú recognized that the paths of a random walk can be described by a polynomial equation with 0 and 1 as coefficients. The “mixing time” of the random walk is closely related to whether or not most of the polynomials describing that random walk are irreducible.
“We observed that we could say something about the kinds of questions we wanted to understand if we knew whether these polynomials were irreducible,” Varjú said.
To test for irreducibility, Breuillard and Varjú adapted a technique developed in the 1980s that links irreducibility to number theory. They wanted to know how many solutions a given polynomial has in a given modular number system. Previous work had shown that the number of solutions a polynomial has reflects the number of factors. So if it has three solutions on average across modular number systems, it has three factors. Just one solution? Then one factor. And if a polynomial has just one factor, that means it’s irreducible.
Using this method, applied to modular number systems based on prime numbers, Breuillard and Varjú proved that as you consider larger and larger polynomials (with coefficients of 0 or 1), the proportion of polynomials that is irreducible gets closer and closer to 100 percent.
Their proof has a caveat. It depends on the truth of another conjecture: the Riemann hypothesis, the most important and daunting unsolved problem in mathematics. But the Riemann hypothesis is widely accepted, which buoys Breuillard and Varjú’s work.
Their result has wide-ranging implications. On a practical level, it’s good if not unexpected news for online encryption, since factorable polynomials could undermine a commonly used digital encryption scheme. Maybe more importantly, it’s a big step toward understanding the nature of these equations, which abound in life and math but are hard to characterize in totality.
“Previous estimates for the fraction of these polynomials [that are irreducible] were much weaker,” Odlyzko said. “Now these guys say practically all of them are irreducible.”
Our experience of seeing, remembering and visualizing all hinge on the ability of the mind to place our awareness at the center of a spherical reality that converts incoming sensory information from our eyes, memory and imagination into a manipulable visual construct.
The visual aspect of our being is a only a part of total sensory input, but pivotal to understanding how we survive death and return again and again to complete our goals for living. We call it the soul, and it has two important qualities that seem very different during analysis. First there is the ability to contain the experience of living and review it, whether it is a moment later or many lifetimes in the past. Second and most important is that we remain at the center of the experience at all times, somehow we are able to observe those experiences regardless of the events that created them.
Clearly our memories are not who we are, only the record that tells where we have been and what we have done. Who is it that does the observing? How does it work that this capability remains constant throughout our experience of being conscious?
Today’s scientific tool kit depends on the ideas of Quantum Physics in order to deal with much of the evidence gathered by researchers, but those tools leave us stranded without answers for so many questions that no-one seems to be able to present the sort of working hypothesis that gains easy acceptance. None of the proposals to understand the hard problem of consciousness really nails it.
When we have a mathematical tool that enables us to make sense of the brain and nervous system, the existence and nature of the Soul becomes obvious. This new tool must be able to subsume existing physics, able to explain them in its own context.
Descriptive math tools rely on equations that model atomic structures by their motion when accelerated by impacts or deflected by various fields. Motion is the key to understanding most physics and statistical modeling of experimental results accounts for most of the other types of descriptive math.
These systems rely on materiality for all of the effects accounted for in their models.
So how can we model what came before matter?
Rather that explain old models we will discuss a new model that works. The idea that the creation began at a single point in time with an Event, similar to the Big Bang, can be assumed to be the insertion of energy into a vast Void where it defined itself and began interacting with its defined parts.
A math to describe this process must be able to explain the creation of SpaceTime, matter, light, black holes and consciousness as the result of the same rules that originated SpaceTime. Examining what is reported to exist at the edge of Black Holes leads us to work with the idea of Event Horizons, the supposed ring around them where matter is beyond escape.
This energy level is the basis of the new model, for it is logically assumed that what can exist at the edge of the Void must be limited to only one value, after all where would multiple expressions originate?
The mathematical assumption is that the primeval conditions require that the Black Hole be treated as a Zero and its effect within an energetic disturbance in the Void as a One.
The existence of a Void point, or black hole is described using just one measure to define its length and position around the Void Point, creating a tetrahedral structure with four equidistant legs of the same length. This is the sole expression upon which the new model depends.
Using this tetrahedral unit we can describe the quantum foam that permeates the value region at the smallest expression in SpaceTime. More than that we can define a stable cluster of these units which would exist as the result of their pulsation, a twenty unit cluster composed entirely of Event Horizon values able to measure the space around them and reduce it toward its combined center.
This is the SCIET (Single Cycle Integrative Effect Topology)
Like the primeval Quantum Foam, the SCIET disappears into itself in a quantum unit of time. Unlike the Foam, the SCIET creates a “foot print” in SpaceTime in the form of a reduction of its own existence toward its own center.
The SCIET can be considered a record of the space from which it formed, a sort of Event Horizon Pixel that accumulates to create in composite a vision of where it has been. The original creation Event is a SCIET that defined the space within which it began and reduced itself until it reached the limits of its defined substrate.
What is SpaceTime?
Spacetime sits like a cloud of definition in a sea of potential, floating dependently while providing a basis for effects that require both for their existence. The cloud of definition allows time, before and after, while also enabling a dynamic, highly energetic environment for the evolution of matter, life and consciousness.
In order for the SCIET to exist, the nature of the Void must be crystalline, making it react to intersecting lines of change by forming a new point, which must also be a SCIET.
The SCIET, the new model is a mathematical atom underlying everything within the creation. It is holographic, providing a means to define SpaceTime, giving a unique identity to all locations within it and establishes a baseline for energetic events within it. As such it represents the basis for the evolution of complex forms from an initial structure like a seed or egg.
The SCIET is always the result of any change in relationship between two points in SpaceTime. This means that the ability of life to adjust to its movements through space stimulates the creation of SCIETs toward the center of the moving living being. What is being said here is that all incoming information to the nervous system is in the form of the SCIET, which is best understood in current perception as a stream of Event Horizon Pixels being processed by the nervous system and brain.
SCIET Resonance and the Formation Spheres
Here we need to move on to the discussion of what happens when two SCIETs resonate with one another.
The ephemeral nature of the SCIET, composed of Event Horizon Pixels, reacts to other SCIETs that match its values.
Returning to the idea of reduction to the center, the intersection of two SCIETs becomes a midpoint, returning a value toward the center of each SCIET. The calculation to find this common denominator value is well known, for it is understood from deep antiquity as the means to determine a shared value created from two that share only their original value in common. It is the same as that used for the Pythagorean Theorem. The square root of A squared plus B squared.
From the midpoint of the intersection of two SCIETs a continuous stream of values is sent toward the center of each.
Addressing the idea of point and line must find a beginning for either of them to exist, and this is where
As described above, the current physical models use the effects of matter to create their mathematics, but these models test qualities that move through space, and it is the capability of Spacetime illustrated by those models that we can use to propose how the nervous system and brain interact with the mind and create consciousness.
The most important idea commonly understood is that matter deflects spacetime, warps it to cause light to bend as it moves toward and past it. It is assumed that this quality is basic to matter in SpaceTime, even at the subatomic level. A general concept taken from this is that matter possesses a quality that affects the SpaceTime around it like a spherical field effect much like gravity is described as being directly proportional to the distance from the center of a mass. The behavior of electro-magnetism as it moves through SpaceTime is also important to understanding what can exist in Spacetime before matter. The corkscrew motion of electromagnetic waves needs to be explained in this context, why it occurs and what it has to do with the deflection of Spacetime by matter.
At this point the existence of the “Luminiferous Aether” rises like a specter from the earliest theoretical discussions of Einstein and his generation.
Einstein built his Special Relativity using a model of SpaceTime that did not refer to the Aether, and the model of mind and consciousness here does not need the Aether either.
Finding a way to define what can exist before matter, between the void and matter, is the key to understanding the nervous system and how is has evolved.
Using only lines and points we can measure and define a layer of field effects created from an expression of energy into the Void. This expression must be linear in origin, but holistic in its effects. All the assumptions related to its existence need to rely on the First Action.
The key to understanding this is SpaceTime.
The new physics needed to simulate the experience of the mind must define SpaceTime and how it leads to matter. Before matter and after the creation of SpaceTime is where the mystery of nervous system and consciousness will be found.
A new concept of modeling the formation of matter from the void holds the key to understanding the existence of the Soul. The “key” concept is used to explain how “holes-in-space” can resonate with one another. The original question and hypothesis began with the question “what is the structure of energy” basically asking the question “how does light stand still?”
The process of answering this question culminated with the idea of a new model of the “point”, one which would be able to describe any defined space from a universe to an electron or quanta of energy. Beginning with the ability to model the universe forced the larger question of how something could be created in a condition like the Void as described in existing physical models.
The Void within these models is without form or description, an emptiness without any possible measure, so how do you create something from nothing?
Well. obviously, you invoke the power of GOD! So I did just that. In this case its actually about invoking the common experience of meditation, a practice in which we are told to “go inward” and be in the silence of our internal reality. If you take tis idea into its logical extreme, then you can imagine that a great being, a sort of super meditator could go so deep that a state could be reached where no other being had ever ventured or entered. It would be a state of mind without limitations except what the meditator defined. If you can imagine this situation then we can go to the next step.
The meditator would be at the center of their own potential universe, but within a larger reality of being already in existence. So the meditator reaches this state and realizes it, only to ask “where I am I?” or to observe that this is a new space and that the meditator being is within it, at the center of it. Now the question of where am I is one of observation and this would require the meditator being to inquire of the new space about its conditions. So how would this happen? If we assume the meditator being possesses attention and focus then the question would have these qualities as well, so its search would begin with an outreach of curiosity, a probing beam of attention. In doing this the meditator being would bring the energy of its larger existence into this much more limited space, and this energy would be forced to contain itself in this limited realm.
So this sets the stage for a concept of God existing in the Awareness of being that is found within meditation. What is created by the inquiry is an energetic difference from the emptiness that existed when the meditator being arrived in the state. Now the question moves to “what happens when the energy of a larger existence enters the limited space of the meditators internal reality”.
To approach this question it is necessary to assume that the internal condition is the same as the Void of astrophysics, without form or reference at all. The only reference is the meditator bing at the center of its own field of internal awareness.
The SCIET and its first offspring the resonant SCIET Sphere, are a theoretical answer to the above questions. They are the product of reverse engineering nature over a period of more than twenty years using a vision inspired tool to sort all available data encountered in a constant search for the answer to these problems.
The SCIET is a product of the limitations of what could exist as the first thing in a limitless awareness, one that could be built up from the simplest possible variables. The energetic line of focus is where it begins and everything develops from that. The math to do this began simply from the observation the first two geometrical qualities had to be the point and the line, and so everything needed to emerge from these two. Since the point is essentially unapproachable, lines had to be used to describe where the point was located rather than the point itself. So the SCIET describes the space around a point, and provides a way to approach the point in ever smaller increments until it reaches the original Awareness where it began and still resides. Regardless of what measure you choose to define the line the last fractional increment can be the beginning of a new system, until the measure reaches its original starting size.
The practical use of this system is to establish a means to measure the change in position of any two points in relationship to their original positions.
Think of it this way: What happens when two points move relative to one another? Describe that change as an ongoing effect recorded within each of the two points.
So what is the Soul? The above describes the Awareness, an awareness originating from within the mind of a being who may be just like us, someone with a mind who decides to go within as deeply as possible and when there projects an intention that become the Universe we know.
The SCIET is a way to describe how external information is internalized, in fact it suggests a way and means for ALL information experienced to be internalized back to the original Awareness from which the Universe originated. As illustrated above all beings have at their center a connection to the original Awareness, a unique point at the center that connects them to the Source of Awareness that began the Universe.
The Soul is not the same as the Awareness though. The Soul has the Awareness at its center, and all of the experiences of a living being are contained by the Soul with the Awareness able to “be” anywhere within that container of experiences.
So the Soul is a tool for the Awareness to gather and process experiences in order to grow the Awareness of the Universe.
Clearly the Soul exists as a result of the Creation of the Universe, and uses the same processes to exist as does the rest of the Creation, SpaceTime, Matter and consciousness are based on the same tool set used at the very beginning of the creation. A tool set that was fully existent before Matter appeared in SpaceTime.
Whoever truly examines what it means to “be” is soon forced to descend into the Awareness and ignore the stream of information that surrounds the material existence, focusing only on the Awareness. Just like the original Meditator that I described at the beginning of the article.
The SCIET answers the question of what the Soul is, and it answers what the tool is that allows the Awareness to accumulate memories of its experiences during its existence within this Universe.
The very same tool used to create matter or atoms, is used to create memories, in fact our brains are modeled to use this process to store memories and stream them toward the original Awareness at the center of our being.
The Soul is the product of the same process that converts the resonance between two Points of Awareness into a stream of information back the center of Awareness in each resonant point.
The key to understanding this is to see that when a stream of values approach the center, all of the energy they possess cannot go into a smaller state and the majority of it must remain within the value range that originated it. What is being said here is that incoming information is converted into an orbital condition around the center, basically forming a spherical impression of the incoming information.
The Awareness exists inside of a streaming image of what it is resonating with, a constantly changing version of what is surrounding it, laid down in multilayered tracks after bouncing off the center and going into orbit around the Awareness.
This is what happens when two points of awareness resonate, they create a synthesis of their experience and it is returned to each of them in a continuous stream. An atom has a limited range of experience and so lays down layer after layer of memories about where it is in relation to all other points of awareness around it.
A living being does the same thing, but in a more complex fashion. The Human Soul is created at the center of the living being’s complex of energy fields, a multidimensional creation containing the complete memory of the beings moment by moment experiences throughout the life it has lived, and it continues to record new experiences after it departs the body, but from a different set of resonant sources.
You are an Awareness at the center of your accumulated experiences, which are recorded holographically with you at the center, you have the ability to shift your point of reference within this sphere of memories and even resonate with external points of Awareness with whom you can match frequencies.
The Soul, then, is best understood as a Sphere of Memory with your Awareness at its center.
Recall what you have heard about Orbs of Light, translucent spheres that seem to float freely around some places and/or people. These spheres are vehicles of consciousness, sometime, but not always, aware of the presence of the living and their thoughts. After all, inside of each living being is a similar Orb storing all your experiences, and with the Awareness looking out from behind your eyes.
Dane Arr
4-12-19
Links from the web about the Soul
Does The Soul Exist? Evidence Says ‘Yes’ | Psychology Today New scientific theory recognizes life’s spiritual dimension. The current scientific paradigm doesn’t recognize this spiritual dimension of life. We’re told we’re just the activity of carbon and some proteins; we live awhile and die. And the universe? It too has no meaning. It has all been worked out in the equations – no need for a soul. But biocentrism – a new ‘theory of everything’ – challenges this traditional, materialistic model of reality.
[Editor’s Note: This article gets to the point that most people agree on. Our experience does not support the notion that we are only 3D flesh and blood that disappears when the body dies.]
Souls do not Exist: Evidence from Science & Philosophy Against Mind …You don’t need scientific proof of the soul, neither do you need blind faith. You know it to exist just as you know your own existence. “Humans have falsely believed inferred that we have souls2and this idea has infused our folklore, cultures, myths, religions and has instructed our interpretation of dreams3. Souls and spirits do not exist. Our bodies run themselves. We know from cases of brain damage and the effects of psychoactive drugs, that our experiences are caused by physical chemistry acting on our physical neurones in our brains. Our innermost self is our biochemical self.”
[This article reeks of self important certainty, the author KNOWS that the soul is a self-delusion of weaklings unable to face the FACT that when you die… you are worm food, pure and simple. Definitely not a deep thinker.]
We Have Souls, and So Do Crows – Scientific American Blog Network Our world, I suspect, teems with an infinitude of souls, human and inhuman, springing into being and vanishing moment by moment. How marvelous that is, and how terrible. These, at any rate, are my thoughts on the darkest day of the year.
[The author writes for the fun of it and finds the Soul an interesting topic. Unfortunately the ideas presented are as trivial as the soul he proposes to write about.]
Proof of the Soul | HuffPost Dec 21, 2017 – Maybe because it’s Winter Solstice, the darkest and hence most spiritual time of year, I’ve been thinking about souls. By soul I mean essence. In fact, my face had been providing “proof positive” that the soul or spirit—whatever you want to call it—exists all along. And what is this proof? I don’t feel any different now, checking out the gathering storm of wrinkles on my face, than I did as a teenager, checking out the zits depressing my chances at getting a Saturday night date.
[Interesting approach to a discussion about the Soul. The idea that we possess a timeless self-awareness regardless of the age of the body is a good observation that does evoke in the reader a sort of self analysis of “Who am I really?” Nice.]
Seven Proofs for the Natural Immortality of the Human Soul : StrangeNotions.com
…Interestingly enough, Dr. Anthony Flew, who coauthored There is a God: How the World’s Most Notorious Ateist Changed His Mind, also never came to accept the immortality of the human soul. And this is a truth that is knowable by the natural light of reason apart from revelation. This makes me wonder if this may well have been the linchpin that, if understood and accepted, might have completed the foundation for Dr. Flew upon which the entirety of the revelation of God may well have been able to rest. Perhaps then Dr. Flew would have been able to accept the further light of revelation?
The Hard Road to Evidence of a Human Soul | MysteriousUniverse.org So for my first four proofs for the immortality of the soul, I am going to demonstrate it by showing the soul to be “spiritual” in nature. …one of the first real attempts to scientifically quantify a soul and prove its existence was carried out in 1901 by a Massachusetts physician named Duncan MacDougall. He reasoned that if humans did indeed have a soul, then this soul must have some weight that can be detected and measured, no matter how insubstantial or unseen it is. To test out this hypothesis he went about measuring the weight of tuberculosis patients both before and just after they died. After performing this analysis on 6 of these patients, MacDougal did see a change in weight, and came to the conclusion that the soul leaving the body after death weighed ¾ of an ounce, or 21 grams.
Science of the Soul? ‘I Think, Therefore I Am’ Is Losing Force – TheNewYorkTimes.com …Many have attempted to delve past the philosophical debate of the meaning of life and the human soul and try to actually find concrete …Pope John Paul II made the point in 1996, in a message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, an advisory group to the Vatican. Noting that since 1950 evolution had become “more than a hypothesis,” he added that considering the mind as emerging merely from physical phenomena was “incompatible with the truth about man.”
Science has nothing to tell us about the soul? I disagree | Andrew … Researchers say they have found proof that humans have souls. … Life After Death Proved By Scientists? When Does the Soul Enter the Body? Can science tell us anything about the soul? A lovely clear answer came from Iain McGilchrist, talking at the RSA this week. “No,” he said, and the room filled with laughter, not entirely kindly. He had been responding to a questioner who wanted to know whether the increasing sophistication of brain imaging would not reveal the soul to be an illusion, an unnecessary imprecision. “To expect that we will find something in the brain that corresponds with the soul is just crass,” he said. The moderator, Jonathan Rowson, pressed him: “Is it the case that science can help us understand better what the soul is?” “No,” said McGilchrist…
Can Science Prove The Existence Of The Soul? – … It seems that someone is afraid that the true nature of consciousness could be discovered; that it is the creator of everything that exists, because this consciousness is the same consciousness that we all use in perception and understanding, there are no more different consciousnesses, consciousness is one in the essence of the entire existence, only individual beings use it individually..
Is There Proof of a Spiritual Universe? – Eben Alexander offering proof of our soul from medical studies of Near Death Experiences. In many of these studies, blind people can see and some see for long after. The first book about my NDE, Proof of Heaven: A Neurosurgeon’s Journey into the Afterlife (2012), hit a resounding chord with readers around the world, and yet I felt that the title prevented some in the scientific community from reading the book. Those who have read it realize that it is a commentary on the nature of the mind-brain relationship, and especially of the fundamental nature of consciousness itself. While my story certainly supports the reality of an afterlife, the book is far from being just a discourse on “heaven.”
Can Science Prove Souls Exist? | Futurism There is a soul. Ironically, it was the skeptical world of science that has helped prove the theological doctrine of the spiritual world. The moment of astral disembodiment in which the energy of the soul leaves the body has been captured by legendary Russian scientist, Konstantin Korotkov. A bio-electrographic camera was utilized to photograph an individual at the exact time of death. Using the gas discharge visualization method, an advanced technique of Kirlian photography shows the life force of the person leaving the body gradually. According to Korotkov, the navel, and the head, are the parts of the body to first lose their life force, or rather, their soul. The groin and the heart are the last two areas of the body where the spirit resides before finally heading on to the great unknown. Korotkov has speculated that “the soul” of those who suffer a violent and unexpected death, may manifest itself in a state of confusion in your power settings and return to the body in the days post death. Although this is a frightening notion, the surplus of unused energy must find a home before it can gradually enter the energy fields that surround us. Korotkov says that this energy imaging technique could be used to watch all kinds of imbalances biophysical and diagnose in real time and also to show if a person does have psychic powers or is a fraud. The SyFy channel show, Ghost Hunters, employs similar equipment for determining the validity of paranormal activity.
Scientific Evidence for a Soul – YouTube… being of energy, an indestructible soul, an infinite being of consciousness? … searching for sensible, evidence-based answers to your biggest questions about …
Scientists Find Proof that Humans Have Souls – YouTube The non-material nature, yet dominant role, of information in biology provides scientific evidence for the ‘soul’.
A new theory proposes that the quantum properties of an object extend into an “atmosphere” that surrounds the material.
Over the past several years, some materials have proved to be a playground for physicists. These materials aren’t made of anything special — just normal particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons. But they are more than the sum of their parts. These materials boast a range of remarkable properties and phenomena and have even led physicists to new phases of matter — beyond the solid, gas and liquid phases we’re most familiar with.
One class of material that especially excites physicists is the topological insulator — and, more broadly, topological phases, whose theoretical foundations earned their discoverers a Nobel Prize in 2016. On the surface of a topological insulator, electrons flow smoothly, while on the inside, electrons are immobile. Its surface is thus a metal-like conductor, yet its interior is a ceramic-like insulator. Topological insulators have drawn attention for their unusual physics as well as for their potential use in quantum computers and so-called spintronic devices, which utilize electrons’ spins as well as their charge.
But such exotic behaviors aren’t always obvious. “You can’t just tell easily by looking at the material in conventional ways whether it has these kinds of properties,” said Frank Wilczek, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and winner of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics.
This means a host of seemingly ordinary materials might harbor hidden — yet unusual and possibly useful — properties. In a paper recently posted online, Wilczek and Qing-Dong Jiang, a physicist at Stockholm University, propose a new way to discover such properties: by probing a thin aura that surrounds the material, something they’ve dubbed a quantum atmosphere.
Some of a material’s fundamental quantum properties could manifest in this atmosphere, which physicists could then measure. If confirmed in experiments, not only would this phenomenon be one of only a few macroscopic consequences of quantum mechanics, Wilczek said, but it could also be a powerful tool for exploring an array of new materials.
“Had you asked me if something like this could occur, I would’ve said that seems like a reasonable idea,” said Taylor Hughes, a condensed matter theorist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. But, he added, “I would imagine the effect to be very small.” In the new analysis, however, Jiang and Wilczek calculated that, in principle, a quantum atmospheric effect would be well within the range of detectability.
Not only that, Wilczek said, but detecting such effects may be achievable sooner rather than later.
A Zone of Influence
A quantum atmosphere, Wilczek explained, is a thin zone of influence around a material. According to quantum mechanics, a vacuum isn’t completely empty; rather, it’s filled with quantum fluctuations. For example, if you take two uncharged plates and bring them together in a vacuum, only quantum fluctuations with wavelengths shorter than the distance between the plates can squeeze between them. Outside the plates, however, fluctuations of all wavelengths can fit. The energy outside will be greater than inside, resulting in a net force that pushes the plates together. Called the Casimir effect, this phenomenon is similar to the influence from a quantum atmosphere, Wilczek said.
Just as a plate feels a stronger force as it nears another one, a needlelike probe would feel an effect from the quantum atmosphere as it approaches a material. “It’s just like any atmosphere,” Wilczek said. “You get close to it, and you start to see its influence.” And the nature of that influence depends on the quantum properties of the material itself.
Antimony can behave as a topological insulator — a material that acts as an insulator everywhere except across its surface.
Those properties can be extraordinary. Certain materials act like their own universes with their own physical laws, as if comprising what’s recently been called a materials multiverse. “A very important idea in modern condensed matter physics is that we’re in possession of these materials — say, a topological insulator — which have different sets of rules inside,” said Peter Armitage, a condensed matter physicist at Johns Hopkins University.
Some materials, for example, harbor objects that act as magnetic monopoles — point-like magnets with a north pole but no south pole. Physicists have also detected so-called quasiparticles with fractional electric charge and quasiparticles that act as their own antimatter, with the ability to annihilate themselves.
If similarly exotic properties exist in other materials, they could reveal themselves in quantum atmospheres. You could, in principle, discover all sorts of new properties simply by probing the atmospheres of materials, Wilczek said.
To demonstrate their idea, Jiang and Wilczek focused on an unorthodox set of rules called axion electrodynamics, which could give rise to unique properties. Wilczek came up with the theory in 1987 to describe how a hypothetical particle called an axion would interact with electricity and magnetism. (Physicists had previously proposed the axion as a solution to one of physics’ biggest unsolved questions: why interactions involving the strong force are the same even when particles are swapped with their antiparticles and reflected in a mirror, preserving so-called charge and parity symmetry.) To this day, no one has found any evidence that axions exist, even though they’ve recently garnered renewed interest as a candidate for dark matter.
While these rules don’t seem to be valid in most of the universe, it turns out they can come into play inside a material such as a topological insulator. “The way electromagnetic fields interact with these new kinds of matter called topological insulators is basically the same way they would interact with a collection of axions,” Wilczek said.
Diamond Defects
If a material such as a topological insulator obeys axion electrodynamics, its quantum atmosphere could induce a telltale effect on anything that crosses into the atmosphere. Jiang and Wilczek calculated that such an effect would be similar to that of a magnetic field. In particular, they found that if you were to place some system of atoms or molecules in the atmosphere, their quantum energy levels would be altered. A researcher could then measure these altered levels using standard laboratory techniques. “It’s kind of an unconventional but a quite interesting idea,” said Armitage.
One such potential system is a diamond probe imbued with features called nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. An NV center is a type of defect in a diamond’s crystal structure where some of the diamond’s carbon atoms are swapped out for nitrogen atoms, and where the spot adjacent to the nitrogen is empty. The quantum state of this system is highly sensitive, allowing NV centers to sniff out even very weak magnetic fields. This property makes them powerful sensors that can be used for a variety of applications in geology and biology.
“This is a nice proof of principle,” Hughes said. One application, he added, could be to map out a material’s properties. By passing an NV center across a material like a topological insulator, you can determine how its properties may vary along the surface.
Jiang and Wilczek’s paper, which they have submitted to Physical Review Letters, details only the quantum atmospheric influence derived from axion electrodynamics. To determine how other kinds of properties affect an atmosphere, Wilczek said, you would have to do different calculations.
Breaking Symmetries
Fundamentally, the properties that quantum atmospheres unmask are symmetries. Different phases of matter, and the properties unique to a phase, can be thought of in terms of symmetry. In a solid crystal, for example, atoms are arranged in a symmetric lattice that shifts or rotates to form an identical crystal pattern. When you apply heat, however, the bonds break, the lattice structure collapses, and the material — now a liquid with markedly different properties — loses its symmetry.
Materials can break other fundamental symmetries such as the time-reversal symmetry that most laws of physics obey. Or phenomena may be different when looked at in the mirror, a violation of parity symmetry.
Whether these symmetries are broken in a material could signify previously unknown phase transitions and potentially exotic properties. A material with certain broken symmetries would induce the same violations in a probe that’s inside its quantum atmosphere, Wilczek said. For example, in a material that adheres to axion electrodynamics, time and parity symmetry are each broken, but the combination of the two is not. By probing a material’s atmosphere, you could learn whether it follows this symmetry-breaking pattern and to what extent — and thus what bizarre behaviors it may have, he said.
“Some materials will be secretly breaking symmetries that we didn’t know about and that we didn’t suspect,” he said. “They seem very innocent, but somehow they’ve been hiding in secret.”
Wilczek said he’s already talked with experimentalists who are interested in testing the idea. What’s more, he said, experiments should be readily feasible, hopefully coming to fruition not in years, but in only weeks and months.
If everything works out, then the term “quantum atmosphere” may find a permanent spot in the physics lexicon. Wilczek has previously coined terms like axions, anyons (quasiparticles that may be useful for quantum computing) and time crystals (structures that move in regular and repeating patterns without using energy). He has a good track record of coming up with names that stick, Armitage said. “‘Quantum atmospheres’ is another good one.”
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